Olfactory signal modulation by molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide (FMRFamide) in axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum).

The terminal nerve, which innervates the nasal epithelia of most jawed vertebrates, is believed to release neuropeptides that modulate activity of sensory receptor neurons. The terminal nerve usually contains gonadotropin-releasing hormone as well as at least one other peptide that has not been characterized, but which bears some structural similarity to molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide (FMRFamide) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). We investigated the effects of FMRFamide on both voltage-gated currents and odorant responses in the olfactory epithelium of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), using whole-cell patch clamp and electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording techniques. In the presence of FMRFamide, the magnitude of a voltage-gated inward current was dramatically increased, reaching an average of 136% of the initial (pre-exposure) magnitude in neurons that showed a response to the peptide. This increase is detectable within approximately 1-2 min of exposure to FMRFamide and is sustained for at least 10 min. In EOG experiments, odorant responses are not affected during FMRFamide application, but are sometimes increased or decreased during the subsequent wash period. On average, the largest single EOG response in each trial was detected approximately 25 min after initial FMRFamide application, and ranged from 110 to 147% of baseline. These results suggest that a compound similar to FMRFamide, if released from the terminal nerve, may function in peripheral olfactory signal modulation.